Alhamisi, 13 Februari 2025

SIRI YA MAPISHI YA HALF CAKE TAMU SANA KWA MATUMIZI YA NYUMBANI

 SIRI YA MAPISHI YA HALF CAKE TAMU SANA KWA MATUMIZI YA NYUMBANI  


https://www.effectiveratecpm.com/jqq845hb9?key=4dba0a3cd6bb6e8e3eddf954cdff7e75

MAHITAJI


1.Unga wa ngano kilo moja (Ukipata wa p.p.f ni vizuri zaidi)


2.Sukari kikombe kimoja


3.Baking powder vijiko viwili vya chai


4.Baking soda nusu kijiko cha chai


5.Iliki ya unga robo kijiko cha chai


6.Maziwa fresh kikombe kimoja (ukihitaji)


7.Siagi vijiko 3 vya chakula au mafuta ya kupikia nusu kikombe


8.Vanilla kijiko kimoja cha chai (ukihitaji)


9.Mayai mawili (ukihitaji)


10.Chumvi kijiko kimoja cha chai


11.Maji ya uvuguvugu kiasi ya kukandia ngano


12.Mafuta ya kupikia ya kukaangia

Jumapili, 26 Januari 2025

mfumo wa breki, uwezekano wa gari.

Xyz


 mfumo wa breki, uwezekano wa gari.  Hapa kuna muhtasari wa vipengele vilivyo na lebo:

 Vipengele kuu:

  * Brake Pedali: Dereva anatumia shinikizo kwenye kanyagio hiki ili kuanzisha breki.

  * Pampu ya Kati ya Brake: Huu ndio moyo wa mfumo wa breki wa majimaji.  Inabadilisha shinikizo la mitambo kutoka kwa pedal kwenye shinikizo la majimaji.

  * Pedi ya Breki: Pedi hizi za msuguano zimewekwa kwenye caliper na bonyeza kwenye rota ya breki ili kupunguza kasi ya gari.

  * Brake Rotor: Diski ya chuma inayozunguka na gurudumu.  Pedi za breki hubana juu yake ili kuunda msuguano na kupunguza kasi ya gurudumu.

  * Caliper: Nyumba ambayo inashikilia pedi za kuvunja na inaweka shinikizo kwao dhidi ya rota.

  * Pistoni: Iko ndani ya caliper, hizi husukuma pedi za kuvunja dhidi ya rota wakati shinikizo la majimaji linatumika.

  * Mihuri ya Pistoni: Hizi huzuia kiowevu cha breki kuvuja kupita bastola.

  * Viatu vya Pistoni: Hizi hulinda mihuri ya bastola kutokana na uchafu na uchafu.

  * Maji ya Breki: Kioevu hiki kisichoshinikizwa hupitisha shinikizo kutoka kwa silinda kuu hadi kwenye kalipa.

  * Sehemu ya Breki: Huenda hii inarejelea eneo ambalo mfumo wa breki hufanya kazi, kama vile magurudumu au njia za breki.

  * Mabano ya Kupachika: Hii inaambatanisha caliper kwenye kusimamishwa kwa gari.

 Vipengele Vingine:

  * Brisk Seal: Huenda hii ni aina ya muhuri inayotumika katika mfumo wa breki.

  * Calidity Calmon: Hii inaweza kurejelea aina ya nyenzo za pedi za kuvunja au chapa.

 Kwa ujumla, picha hutoa mtazamo wa kina wa vipengele muhimu vinavyohusika katika mfumo wa breki wa hydraulic na jinsi wanavyofanya kazi pamoja ili kupunguza kasi na kusimamisha gari.


 Kwa salamu kutoka kwa timu ya #Auto_mechanic_geniuses


 #automotive #mechaniclife #cars #mechanical #mechanic #carparts #restoration #viral #carmemes #usa

  #fypシ #virals #fbpost2025 #autos #automobile #mechanic #mechanical #engineering #cars #engine #sensorer #usa #australia

Jumanne, 28 Novemba 2023

Mimea

 MATUMIZI 10 MAZURI YA DAWA YA AMMAN PACHARISI |  EUPHORBIA

 Mmea wa Amman pacharisi unaojulikana kama mmea wa pumu ni mimea ya kushangaza yenye matumizi mazuri ya dawa na faida za kiafya ambazo tunapaswa kujua kuzihusu.  Ni dawa maarufu sana ya nyumbani kwa ugonjwa wa pumu na ndiyo maana inaitwa pia mmea wa Pumu.  Poda ya Amman pacharisi hutumiwa sana nchini Kitamil Nadu kwa utunzaji wa ngozi haswa kwa kutibu warts, chunusi na majeraha.  Sehemu zote za mmea hutumiwa kwa madhumuni ya dawa.  Utomvu mweupe wa maziwa unaopatikana kwenye mmea pia una matumizi ya dawa.

 Kiwanda cha Amman Pacharisi:

 Amman pacharisi mmea asili yake ni India na utaikuta inakua kwa wingi kila mahali.  Ikiwa unaweza kutambua mmea wa pakarisi wa amman, nina hakika utaupata kila mahali.  Hasa baada ya mvua utakuta inakua kwa wingi.  Inakua hadi cm 50 na majani yanapingana na ni nyembamba kwa kugusa.

 Kwa kawaida ni rahisi kutambua mimea inayotoa maua yenye rangi angavu, lakini kwa mimea ambayo haitoi maua ya rangi angavu unapaswa kuwa mwangalifu kidogo, kwani mimea mingi inafanana.  Kando na kulinganisha mmea na picha zilizotolewa, jaribu kulinganisha mmea na sifa zao zingine za kipekee.

 Kwa amman pacharisi, ukivunja sehemu yoyote ya mmea, dutu nyeupe ya maziwa itatoka.  Amman pacharisi ni mmea unaoweza kuliwa.  Kwa kawaida hupikwa pamoja na dengu na kuliwa pamoja na wali kwa chakula cha mchana pamoja na samli iliyotengenezwa nyumbani kwa ajili ya kutibu vidonda mdomoni.
  Majina ya Mimea na ya Kawaida ya Mimea ya Amman Pacharisi:

 Jina la mimea la Amman pacharisi ni Euphorbia Hirta.  Ni ya familia ya Euphorbiaceae na jenasi Ephorbia.  Amman pacharisi ni Jina la Kitamil na kwa kawaida huitwa mmea wa Pumu kwa Kiingereza.  Inaitwa Akkigida kwa Kikannada, Nilapala kwa Kimalayalam, Nanabalu kwa Kitelugu na Dudhi kwa Kihindi.

 Amman Pacharisi Chemical Constituents:

 Baadhi ya viambajengo vya kemikali vinavyopatikana katika mmea wa amman pacharisi ambao huwajibika kwa matumizi yake mengi ya dawa ni afzelin, quercitrin, myricitrin, rutin, euphorbin-A, B, C & D, kaempferol, gallic acid, choline, camphol, protocatechuic acid,  tinyatoxin, heptacosane, asidi ya shikmic, nk.

 Matumizi ya Kijadi ya Amman Pacharisi:

 Matumizi bora ya dawa ya amman pacharisi ni matumizi yake katika kutibu warts.  Kwa kweli ni moja ya matibabu bora ya asili ya kutibu warts.  Kuweka tu tone la dutu ya milky kwenye wart kila siku itapunguza wart na kisha kwa maombi ya kawaida, huanguka yenyewe.  Kwa kawaida dutu ya maziwa haichomi au kusababisha mzio wowote lakini ikiwa haina, tafadhali acha kuitumia mara moja.

 Tiba hii imetumika kwa miaka mingi nchini India Kusini kwa kutibu warts.  Wakati wa kufanya matibabu haya, weka maziwa kila siku hadi yatakapoanguka.  Inaweza kuchukua wiki moja au mbili kulingana na saizi ya wart.  Kadiri wart inavyokuwa ndogo, ndivyo itakavyoanguka haraka unapofanya matibabu haya.

 Amman pachararisi pia hupikwa kama mboga za kawaida na hutumiwa kutibu kuvimbiwa.  Kijadi maua ya mimea ya Amman pacharisi hupikwa pamoja na maziwa na kuliwa kwa kuongeza maziwa ya mama.  Amman pacharisi pia hutumika sana kutibu pumu na pia hutumika kutibu vidonda vya tumbo na mdomo pamoja na mizio.

 Amman Pacharisi Matumizi ya Dawa:

Tabia za Kupambana na Bakteria:

 Sababu ya Amman pacharisi ni nzuri sana kwa utunzaji wa ngozi ni kwa sababu ya mali yake ya ajabu ya antibacterial. Dondoo ya ethanol ya pakarisi ya Amman imethibitishwa kuwa nzuri dhidi ya baadhi ya aina za kawaida za bakteria kama vile Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Staphylococcus Aureus, n.k.

 2. Huongeza Maziwa ya Mama:

 Amman pacharisi imetumika kwa muda mrefu kuboresha maziwa ya mama. Majani na maua hupikwa pamoja na dal na kupewa mama wanaonyonyesha. Matumizi haya ya jadi yameungwa mkono na utafiti. Poda na mimea safi inaweza kutumika kuongeza uzalishaji wa maziwa ya mama.

 3. Sifa za Kupambana na Pumu:

 Tiba nyingine ya kitamaduni kwa kutumia amman pacharisi ni mchemsho wa maji ya kunywa pia huitwa chai ya Euphorbia Hirta kwa ajili ya kutibu pumu. Sasa matumizi haya yamethibitishwa kupitia utafiti. Amman pacharisi ina athari ya kupumzika kwenye mirija ya bronchial. Flavonoids, glycosides na saponini zinazopatikana katika pakarisi ya amman huwajibika kwa mali yake ya kuzuia pumu.

 4. Sifa za Kupambana na Saratani:

 Dondoo la Amman pacharisi limethibitishwa kuwa cytotoxic kwa aina nyingi za seli za saratani. Inanistaajabisha jinsi mimea ya kawaida ambayo tunapuuza na kuzingatia kama magugu inaweza kuokoa maisha. Amman pacharisi ni nzuri sana dhidi ya melanoma mbaya na saratani ya seli ya squamous.

 5. Sifa za kutuliza maumivu, Kupambana na uchochezi na Anti Pyretic:

 Dondoo ya pakarisi ya Amman imethibitishwa kupunguza maumivu na kuvimba. Chai inaweza kuchukuliwa ikiwa tunakabiliwa na aina yoyote ya kuvimba na maumivu. Amman pacharisi pia husaidia kupigana na maambukizi na kupunguza homa. Inapotumika kama dawa, inaweza kupunguza uvimbe na maumivu katika eneo hilo papo hapo.

 6. Sifa za Kuzuia Kuharisha:

 Dondoo la Amman pacharisi limetolewa kitamaduni kutibu kuhara kwa kuwa lina antibacterial, anti amoebic na anti spasmodic properties. Kwa ajili ya kutibu kuhara, dondoo la maji la mmea wote hutumiwa kwa ujumla, poda ya jani pia inaweza kuchukuliwa. Quercitrin ya flavonoid inayopatikana katika pakarisi ya amman inawajibika kwa mali yake ya kuzuia kuhara.

 7. Hutibu Warts:
   
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 Amman pacharisi hutumiwa kutibu warts kwa muda mrefu. Tunatumia maji ya maziwa kwenye wart kwa siku chache na huanguka haraka sana. Hii ni kutokana na sifa zao nzuri za kuzuia virusi na unaweza kusoma utafiti unaothibitisha hapa. Tanini zilizopo kwenye pakarisi ya amman huwajibika kwa mali yake ya kuzuia virusi.

 8. Sifa za Kupambana na Kisukari:

 Amman pacharisi ni nzuri kwa wagonjwa wa kisukari kwani hupunguza viwango vya sukari na athari yake ni sawa na dawa za kawaida zinazotumiwa kutibu kisukari. Wagonjwa wa kisukari wanapaswa kufuatilia viwango vyao vya sukari ya damu kwa karibu huku wakichukua dawa za amman pacharisi na kisukari kwa pamoja kwani inaweza kupunguza kiwango cha sukari kwenye damu kwa kiasi kikubwa.

 9. Hulinda dhidi ya Sumu ya Nyoka:

 Matumizi mengine ya ajabu ya dawa ya amman pacharisi ni mali yake ya kinga dhidi ya kuumwa na nyoka. Katika sehemu nyingi za vijiji, mmea wa amman pacharisi hutolewa kama msaada wa kwanza wa kutibu kuumwa na nyoka, matumizi haya ya kitamaduni yameungwa mkono na utafiti. Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside inayopatikana katika amman pachrisi inawajibika kwa mali yake ya kuzuia sumu.

 10. Shughuli ya Uponyaji wa Jeraha:

 Amman pacharisi huponya jeraha haraka sana. Pia husaidia kupunguza maumivu na kuvimba kwa haraka sana, kwa jadi poultice ya kuweka majani hutumiwa juu ya majeraha. Amman pacharisi sio tu huponya majeraha ya kawaida, pia huponya majeraha ya moto haraka sana na unaweza kusoma utafiti unaothibitisha hilo hapa.

 Madhara ya Amman Pacharisi:

 Amman pacharisi ina mali ya kuzuia uzazi kwa hivyo ikiwa unajaribu kupata ujauzito, ni bora kuzuia amman pacharisi. Mchanganyiko uliopo kwenye pakarisi ya amman umeonyeshwa kupunguza shinikizo la damu kwa hivyo tunapaswa kuwa waangalifu tunapoitumia kwa muda mrefu. Amman pacharisi itaingiliana na shinikizo la damu na dawa za kisukari na ikiwa unatumia mojawapo ya dawa hizi, ningependekeza sana kuitumia tu baada ya kushauriana na daktari wako.

 Wapi Kupata Poda ya Amman Pacharisi?

 Ikiwa unaishi Kitamil Nadu, unaweza kupata amman pacharisi katika nattu marundhu kadai kwa urahisi. Tunaweza pia kuagiza mtandaoni kwa urahisi pia. Tunaweza pia kutengeneza poda yetu ya amman pacharisi kwa kukausha majani kwenye jua hadi yawe laini na kuyapaka unga kwenye kichanganya kikavu. Ungo ili kuondoa uvimbe wowote na uhifadhi kwenye kisanduku kisichopitisha hewa.

Jumatatu, 27 Novemba 2023

10 TOP MEDICINAL USES & BENEFITS OF KEELANELLI | KEEZHANELLI FOR HAIR, SKIN & HEALTH


Keezhanelli also called Keelanelli in Tamil is an amazing plant with wonderful medicinal uses and health benefits. From treating liver diseases and kidney stones to aiding hair growth, this plant has wide uses. I am sure many of you would have heard about keelanalli for it’s amazing use in treating hepatitis. Keelanelli is so popular for treating jaundice that many tend to forget that this wonderful plant has other medicinal uses too. Usually the root of this keelanelli plant is used more than the leaves in home remedies.

What Is Keelanelli | Chanca Piedra?

It is a small plant that grows in tropical and subtropical regions in Central and South American countries, India and East Asian Countries. It is such a joy to write about herbs that are treasured and used for centuries and keelanelli is one such herb that has been used in home remedies for centuries.

Keelanelli Botanical Name:

The botanical name of keelanelli plant is Phyllanthus Niruri and it belongs to the family Phyllanthaceae and genus Phyllanthus.

Keelanelli Plant Description:

Keelanelli plant grows to a height of 20 to 25 inches and has ascending branches with small tiny leaves. The fruits are tiny and are found in a line underneath the leaf. Keelanelli is found everywhere in Tamil Nadu. If you can identify this plant, you can easily find it and some times you can even spot it in wastelands in cities and towns.


Keelanelli Common Names:

Phyllanthus Niruri is popularly called Chanca Piedra in Spanish and most of the keelanelli products sold online are sold under the name Chanca Piedra. Keelanelli is the Tamil name and it is commonly called Gale Of The Wind and Stonebreaker (because it removes kidney stones) in English, Bhumyamalaki in Sanskrit, Nela Usiri in Telugu, Nelanelli in Kannada, Bhumi Amla in Hindi, Kizhanelli in Malayalam and Bhanya Amli in Gujarati.

Keelanelli Chemical Constituents & Nutritional Value:

Some of the chemical constituents isolated from the plant are glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, polyphenols, tannins, coumarins and saponins. Some of the essential elements found in keelanelli plant are calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, ferrous and copper.

Keelanelli Traditional Uses:

It has been widely used in Ayurveda and Homeopathy. You can find it in various ayurvedic formulations. Traditionally, it has been used for treating jaundice, hepatitis, kidney stones, hair problems, asthma and fever.



Phyllanthus Niruri (Keelanelli) Medicinal Uses:

1. Anti Microbial Properties:

Keezhanelli has amazing antimicrobial properties and traditionally it has been used for treating various skin problems from small wounds, itching, cracked heels, rashes, etc. You can read the study that proves it’s anti microbial properties here.

2. For Liver (Hepato Protective Properties):

Keezhanelli has a protective effect on our liver and greatly protects us from getting non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Non alcoholic fatty disease is getting more common, thanks to the increasing availability of highly attractive packaged foods.

It is the leading cause of insulin resistance, weight gain and oxidative stress. Keezhanelli extract greatly prevents liver diseases, you can read the study that proves it here.

3. For Hair Growth:

Keezhanelli hair oil is very popularly used to promote hair growth in Tamil Nadu. The plant extract has amazing hair growth promoting properties and is especially helpful for people those who are suffering from male pattern baldness. You can read the study that proves it here. 

4. Anti Inflammatory Properties:

Keezhanelli has amazing anti inflammatory properties and can be used both externally and internally to treat inflammations. Traditionally in our place, the fresh paste of the whole plant is applied as a poultice to treat inflammations very effectively.

5. Anti Ulcer Properties:

Keezhanelli has anti ulcer properties too, the fresh juice leaf when taken internally helps in regeneration of mucosal layer and greatly helps treat ulcers. You can read the study that proves it here. 

6. Anti Diabetic Properties:

Keezhanelli is wonderful for diabetic patients as it reduces serum glucose levels and it improves the lipid profile too. You can take keezhanelli powder sold in the markets or you can take the fresh extract of the plant for reducing blood sugar levels.

7. For Treating Hepatitis B & Jaundice:

Traditionally keelanelli has been used for treating hepatitis B. Hepatitis B caused by the infection of hepatitis B virus can lead to liver damage and hyperbilirubinemia (excess of bilirubin the blood) which in turn leads to jaundice (skin and eyes take on a yellow tinge and urine also takes on yellow color).

In our village, for treating jaundice, we grind the keezhanelli root in buttermilk and give to the patient for 48 days. You can read the study that proves this traditional use here. 

8. For Treating Kidney Stones:

Keelanelli has long been used for treating kidney stones from ancient times and this traditional use also has been backed by research. Keezhanelli juice can be taken for removing kidney stones very effectively. You can read the study that proves it here. 

9. Antioxidant Properties:

Keelanelli has amazing antioxidant properties and it greatly helps reduce oxidative stress. It’s antioxidant levels is only slightly lower than ascrobic acid which is very amazing. Due it’s antioxidant properties, it has a protective effect on kidney and liver.

10. For One Sided Headache:

One of our long time farm workers was telling me about her experience with this amazing plant which happened before she came to work for us. Her husband is no more but a few years before he passed away he had suffered from one sided headache | otrai thalai vali in Tamil.

Just imagine a daily worker who has to go to work daily to feed his family getting one sided headache often. She had 2 young daughters and her husbands headache problem was taking a toll on the family as he was the sole worker and was often not be able to go to work.

After a few months of going to different doctors her elder sister had suggested keelanelli plant oil. Here in Tamil Nadu, especially in the village side, oil baths are a must and a tradition that everyone follows. She asked her to collect keelanelli roots and make an oil with it and make him have oil bath with this keelanelli oil.

He had oil bath with it weekly once as suggested and within 2 to 3 months the one sided headache was completely gone. When I heard her say this experience, I was very touched because of the faith they had in in these herbs that made them patiently practice the remedy for 2 to 3 months all the while suffering from intense headache.

Many of us loose faith in home remedies because we want instant results. Having faith in these amazing herbs and being patient by allowing these plants to work their magic is the key to practicing home remedies. She insisted that this oil should be made fresh at the time of having the oil bath and should not be stored.

This oil works best for one sided headache, not for regular headache due to cold or fever. After narrating her experience, she said very sweetly to record it so others will not suffer like her husband, so this post is dedicated to her and her late husband 

How To Consume Keelanelli?

The best way to consume keelanelli is in the form of fresh leaf, whole plant decoction and as keelanelli powder. If you have access to fresh herb, I would suggest using it. Wash it well to get rid of any dirt and use like mentioned below.

Keelanelli Dosage:

If you are using kelanelli leaf juice, take around 3 to 4 teaspoons and the general dosage for keelanelli powder is around 1 teaspoon.

Keelanelli Side Effects:

Keelanelli has very low toxicity. Usually, if had in the suggested dosage keelanelli will not cause any side effects at all but if consumed in excess might cause diarrhea…..

Where To Buy Keelanelli?

You can buy keelanelli plant easily in herb shops and nattu marunthu kadai if you are living in Tamil Nadu. You can also easily order it through online shops.

We also get keelanelli tablets but usually it is sold under the Spanish name Chanca Piedra or as Phyllanthu Niruri Capsules. Chanca Piedra extract is also available online.  We also get lab grade chanca piedra tablets ideal for consuming for dissolving kidney stones.

What Is Chanca Piedra Tea?

Keelanelli is dried, crushed coarsely and sold in small sachets, perfect for making tea and it is sold under the Spanish name Chanca Piedra tea. Chanca piedra tea is usually drunk for dissolving kidney stones.

How To Make Keelanelli Powder?

To make keelanelli powder, collect fresh keelanelli plants, wash well to get rid of any dirt and cut into small pieces using a sharp knife. Now sun dry the ingredients till crisp and powder in a dry mixer while still crisp from sun drying, sieve and store.

6 Ways To Use Keezhanelli (Phyllanthus Niruri) For Hair, Skin & Health:

1. Keelanelli | Keezhanelli Hair Oil: 


For making keelanelli hair oil, take equal quantities of keelanelli leaves, curry leaves and henna leaves in a mixer and grind to get a thick paste without adding any water.

Now heat 1 cup of unrefined coconut oil in an iron pan. Add the ground keelanelli mixture paste to it and boil till the water content evaporates and the sizzling sound stops fully. Switch off and strain. Use this hair oil regularly to treat dandruff and hair loss very quickly.

2. Keelanelli | Keezhanelli For Jaundice:


 For treating jaundice, take 1 very small piece of keelanelli root and grind it in buttermilk and have everyday for 48 days. This treatment is best done under expert guidance as food restrictions are also crucial.

Though this remedy is well known and widely used in our village if someone gets jaundice, usually it is done under the watchful eye of a experienced herbalists and I would suggest the same too.

3. Keelanelli | Keezhanelli Powder For Reducing Blood Sugar Levels:


 For reducing blood sugar levels, keelanelli powder can be taken mixed in water and consumed. Since it has anti diabetic properties it reduces blood sugar levels very effectively.

But if you are already on diabetic medications, please monitor your blood sugar levels closely as it might lower blood sugar levels drastically.

4. Keelanelli | Keezhanelli For Kidney Stones:


For treating kidney stones, the fresh juice of the plant got by the grinding the leaves along with little water can be consumed, It is very effective for treating kidney stones.

If you don’t have access to fresh keelanelli plant, keelanelli extract or keelanelli tea can also be consumed. It will help get rid of the pain and the stones effectively.

5. Keelanelli | Keezhanelli Root Oil For Migraine:


Take a keelanelli root and clean well until no trace of dirt remains. If the roots are long, cut into small pieces. Heat unrefined sesame oil in a small pan, preferably an iron pan but please don’t use non stick pans.

Once hot add the cut roots. Boil till the sizzling sound stops and then take a spoon and press the roots to release the essence. Let the oil cool to lukewarm temperature. Now take the oil and massage it well into the scalp and wait for half an hour.

We traditionally use arappu powder to have hair wash, but you can use a mild shampoo. This oil also has a cooling effect and is said to be very good for the eyes too…

 6. Keelanelli | Keezhanelli For Skin Problems:



Since keelanelli has anti microbial properties, it is very effective for treating all minor skin problems like wounds, scrapes insect bites, etc.


The whole plant decoction got by boiling the whole plant in a cup water till it reduces in half can be used for washing the affected area. The whole plant can also be pounded and applied as a poultice too…

Njia Bora ya kuzalisha mbuzi mapacha

Kuna mbinu kadhaa zinazoweza kusaidia mbuzi kuzaa mapacha (watoto wawili au zaidi) .  1️⃣ Chagua Mbegu Bora (Uzao wa Mbuzi) Baadhi ya mb...